Constrained Application Protocol Protocol Research Articles

Implementation of Lora and CoAP Protocol in Hydroponic Plant Water Pump Control

Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without using soil media, but using water media that contains nutrients and minerals. To observe the growth parameters of hydroponic plants, it is still necessary to come directly to the hydroponic site and provide the nutrients needed manually. In time efficiency, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) is needed so that there is no need to come directly to the hydroponic site. LoRa is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) communication system. This research uses sensor nodes, middleware, and client nodes as well as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) protocol for clients to access the value of sensors to control automatic pumps so that nutrients for plants can be given directly without the need to come to the hydroponic site. The result of the implementation is that the water pump control can run properly until the plants can be harvested. The performance testing is done so that LoRa can transmit data at a distance of 1 km with an RSSI value of -114 dBm.

Analysis and Validation of Lightweight Authentication Algorithm

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is extensively used in several industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Using heavy-weight algorithms is not feasible in resource-constrained IoT environments, and lightweight solutions are vulnerable to security attacks. The trade-off between computing cost and security strength plays a significant role in deciding the right solution. Therefore, developing a lightweight security mechanism with a higher security level is paramount. Therefore, a lightweight authentication with Two-way Encryption for Secure Transmission in CoAP Protocol (LATEST) was proposed to achieve secure data transfer with a lightweight security mechanism. The proposed LATEST ensures high confidentiality and integrity against modification, impersonation, and replay attacks. Security analysis and validation tests are performed with the help of validation tools to measure the strength of the proposed LATEST mechanism. Testing and validation proved that the performance and security level improved significantly.

A threat intelligence framework for protecting smart satellite-based healthcare networks.

Human-to-machine (H2M) communication is an important evolution in the industrial internet of health things (IIoHT), where many H2M interfaces are remotely interacting with industrial and medical assets. Lightweight protocols, such as constrained application protocol (CoAP), have been widely utilised in transferring sensing data of medical devices to end-users in smart satellite-based healthcare IIoT networks (SmartSat-IIoHT). However, such protocols are extensively deployed without appropriate security configurations, making attackers’ mission easier for abusing these protocols to launch advanced cyber threats. This paper, therefore, presents a new threat intelligence framework to examine and model CoAP protocol’s attacks in these systems. We present a ransom denial of service (RDoS) as a new threat that would exploit this protocol’s vulnerabilities. We propose many RDoS attack’s techniques to understand the attack indicators and analyse their behaviour on systems. Moreover, we present a real-time discovery of attacks’ network behaviours using deep learning. The experiment results demonstrate that this proposed discovery model obtains a better performance in revealing RDoS than other conventional machine learning algorithms and accomplishing high fidelity of protecting SmartSat-IIoHT networks.

Lightweight Coap Based Authentication Scheme by Applying Two-Way Encryption for Secure Transmission

With the widespread popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT), different sectors-based applications are increasingly developed. One of the most popular application layer protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), and the necessity of ensuring data security in this layer is crucial. Moreover, attackers target the vulnerabilities of IoT to gain access to the system, which leads to a security threat and violate privacy. Typically, user authentication and data encryption are applied for securing data communication over a public channel between two or more participants. However, most of the existing solutions use cryptography for achieving security, with the exception of high computation cost. Hence, these solutions fail to satisfy the resource-constrained characteristics of IoT devices. Therefore, a lightweight security mechanism is required for achieving both secure transmission and better performance. This paper proposes a Lightweight Authentication with Two-way Encryption for Secure Transmission in CoAP Protocol (LATEST) that provides a secure transmission between the server and IoT devices. This mutual authentication mechanism uses ROT 18 Cipher with XoR operation and 128-bit AES based encryption for securing the data transmission. The ROT18 Cipher is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher, which is a combination of ROT13 and ROT5. The proposed scheme employs symmetric encryption in both client and server for ensuring secure authentication and mutually confirm each other identity. In addition, the proposed LATEST scheme ensures confidentiality and integrity by being resistant to replay attacks, impersonation attacks, and modification attacks. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed LATEST scheme is lightweight and provides better security compared to the existing scheme.

CoAP and Its Performance Evaluation

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is one of the lightest IoT connectivity protocol. It has been developed for IoT devices that has constrained resources such as memory, processing power, battery etc. CoAP protocol is built on REST architecture. It provides connecting internet of IoT devices with UDP protocol. CoAP is a Client-Server request/response messaging protocol. CoAP provides two modes of operations: (i) non-confirmable, (ii) confirmable. In addition, it provides four methods to communicate for different application requirements. And it has two ways to response a request. This paper deals with CoAP IoT messaging protocol and presents its performance evaluation. In addition, performance evaluation of CoAP has been realized according to delay, throughput and energy consumption parameters.

An Efficient On-Demand Constrained Application Protocol for Internet of Things

The use of limited battery powered nodes operating within the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to raise serious concerns about what mechanisms can be employed to conserve energy consumption and extend the overall network lifetime. Power consumption overheads generally incur by periodic and frequent message updates sent to the Resource Directory (RD). The RD contains descriptions of resources held within Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) servers while the clients perform lookups of those resources. Using the RD in the CoAP enhances the registration of the nodes mechanism and increases the connectivity and efficiency of the IoT by recording the state of the nodes and identifying which ones are active. This paper presents a new on-demand Constrained Application Protocol (OCAP) to control and set the message update frequency to occur only ‘on demand’. Since the data reception has to be done at the arrival of data, this study's approach (OCAP) concentrates only on the transition power by controlling the rate of update messages and adjusting it to the arrival rate of data. The results show an improvement in extending the lifetime of the network on an average of by 55 % as compared to the standard CoAP protocol. OCAP is well suited for IoT where the bandwidth is limited, frequent changing topology, and where power is constrained.

A Sleep-Awake Scheme Based on CoAP for Energy-Efficiency in Internet of Things

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have developed Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to enable communication between sensor or actuator nodes in constrained environments, such as small amount of memory, and low power. IETF CoAP and HTTP are used to monitor or control environments in Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M). In this paper, we present a sleep-awake scheme based on CoAP for energy efficiency in Internet of Things. This scheme supports to increase energy efficiency of IoT nodes using CoAP protocol. We have slightly modified the IoT middleware to improve CoAP protocol to conserve energy in the IoT nodes. Also, the IoT middleware includes some functionality of the CoRE Resource Directory (RD) and the Message Queue (MQ) broker with IoT nodes to synchronize sleepy status.

Resource Monitoring for Wireless Sensor Networks using ANFIS

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are usually a resource constrained networks which have limited energy, bandwidth, processing power, memory etc. These networks are now part of Internet by the name Internet of Things (IoT). To get many services from WSNs, we may need to run many applications in the sensor nodes which consumes resources. Ideally, the resources availability of all sensor nodes should be known to the sink before it requests for any further service(s) from the sensor node(s). Hence, continuous monitoring of the resources of the sensor nodes by the sink is essential. The proposed work is a framework for monitoring certain important resources of sensor network using Adaptive-Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The ANFIS is trained with these resources consumption patterns. The input to ANFIS is the resources consumption levels and the output is the resources consumed levels that needs to be sent to the sink which may be individual or combinations of resources. The trained ANFIS generates the output periodically which determines resources consumption levels that needs to be sent to the sink. Also, ANFIS continuously learns using hybrid learning algorithm (which is basically a combination of back propagation and least squares method) and updates its parameters for better results. The CoAP protocol with its observe option is used to transport the resource monitoring data from the sensor nodes to the cluster head, then from the cluster head to the sink. The sensor nodes runs coap server, the cluster head runs both coap client and server and the sink runs coap client. The performance of the proposed work is compared with LoWPAN network management protocol (LNMP) and EmNets Network Management Protocol (EMP) in terms of bandwidth and energy overheads. It is observed that proposed work performs better when compared to the existing works.

Design and Implementation of Node Discovery and Registration Based on RD Using IETF CoAP Protocol in IoT Environment

Recently, IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) presented CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) for the communication between sensor and actuator nodes in a constrained environment such as small amount of memory and low power. IETF CoAP protocol can convert easily, and can use to monitor or control infrastructure utilities through low-power sensor and actuator networks in IoT (Internet of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) environment. IETF CoAP protocol provides the special requirements of this constrained environment, especially considering energy, automation, and other IoT applications. In this paper, we design and implement a node registration and discovering based CoAP in IoT environment. The node is a CoAP node which is designed for working in constrained environment. For node registration in IoT, we used CoRE RD (Resource Directory) functionalities to register CoAP node’s information which works in IoT environment.

BLE 네트워크 상에서 사물인터넷 서비스 제공을 위한 CoAP과 6LoWPAN 구현

16 !789:;( /;?@AB'$CDEF$GH#$:9IJ'K)LMNO3PI. 7QRSTU !ST%BV W3Machine to Machine (M2M) 7X9YZ[$EZigBee\]AV&^_9Personal Area Network (PAN) 78%ABV`a;?R9STb cde, PAN fV WU;?\9STHghAijI. k l7Q9M2M ST Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)  !#$ %m? !ST%LpVqrVsI. A@&m !9tuvawx Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)%)*VsI. y$z{)*E|p}4~%Sm7QHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)(ST|p%#€'(, CoAPAHTTP‚Iƒ2„0 '†‡ˆ, ƒ21% ‰Š‹ŒŽ RE22% U‘ˆ %‚n’%“ P”I.AbstractWith the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology that allows the communications between things and devices over the Internet, a lot of researches on the IoT services, such as smart home or healthcare, have been progressed. In the existing machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, however, since the underlying link-layer technologies, such as Bluetooth or ZigBee, do not use the Internet Protocol (IP) communication, those technologies are not suitable to provide the IoT services. Accordingly, this paper discusses how to provide the Internet services in the M2M communication, and propose an implementation of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) over 6LoWPAN for providing IoT services in the BLE networks. Based on the implementation, we compared the performance between HTTP and CoAP for IoT communications. From the experimental results, we can see that the CoAP protocol gives better performance than the HTTP protocol with two times higher throughput, 21% faster transmission time, and 22% smaller amount of generated packets.Keyword : IoT, Bluetooth Low Energy, 6LoWPAN, CoAP

모바일 인터넷 환경에서 CoAP 프로토콜 기반의 RD를 이용한 IoT 임베디드 노드 등록 서비스 설계 및 구현

Recently, IETF (Internet Engineering Task) working group has adopted CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) as a standard IoT proctocol. CoAP is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained environment such as small memory and low power networks. In this paper, we design and implement a registration service with CoAP protocol based on RD(Resource Directory) to connect IoT nodes in mobile Internet environments. The resource directory between the mobile terminal and IoT nodes provides to discover the IoT nodes and get the context data. The mobile terminal has as the CoAP client and embedded IoT nodes includes as the CoAP server so that it can conveniently manage the constrained IoT nodes to get the context data and control devices in a mobile environments.

IETF CoAP 기반의 데이터 정제 기법을 이용한 IoT 미들웨어 설계 및 구현

Recently, a communication protocol for connectivity between various sensors and actuators is issue the key technology in IoT(Internet of Things). IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) CoAP(Constrained Application Protocol) protocol supports the communication between things like sensors and actuator nodes in a limited environment. Smart-phone will work for the data processing of the sensors and the management of IoT nodes at the next generation communication environment. In this paper, we design the connection for smart-phone and IoT node based using IETF CoAP protocol, and implement the middleware with the proposed data refinement on smart-phone. The middleware detects and eliminates a error data and duplicated data using the proposed data refinement. The proposed data refinement scheme supports to transfer a reliability information in the constrained environment.

CoAP Protocol for Constrained Networks

This paper discusses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), an application layer protocol introduced by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Constrained RESTful environment (CoRE) Working Group for use with low power and resource constrained nodes in the internet of things. The paper discusses the CoAP architecture supported with suitable examples. CoAP protocol message format, types, methods and security feature is also discussed. In this paper, we present a CoAP based car parking system implemented using Contiki, an open source operating system for resource constrained device. The Cooper (Cu) CoAP user agent for Firefox browser is used for handling CoAP URI scheme.

Enabling the web of things: facilitating deployment, discovery and resource access to IoT objects using embedded web services

Today, the IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is being standardised. CoAP takes the internet of things to the next level: it enables the implementation of RESTful web services on embedded devices, thus enabling the construction of an easily accessible web of things. However, before tiny objects can make themselves available through embedded web services, several manual configuration steps are still needed to integrate a sensor network within an existing networking environment. In this paper, we describe a novel selforganisation solution to facilitate the deployment of constrained networks and enable the discovery, end-to-end connectivity and service usage of these newly deployed sensor nodes. By using embedded web service technology, the need of other protocols on these resource constrained devices is avoided. It allows automatic hierarchical discovery of CoAP servers, resulting in a browsable hierarchy of CoAP servers, which can be accessed both over CoAP and hypertext transfer protocol.

Domination of Constrained Application Protocol: A Requirement Approach for Optimization of Internet of Things in Wireless Sensor Networks

The protocols related to the Internet of Things (IoT) have proven to undergo changes in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), to increase the compatibility of WSN with the industrial and automation applications. In this paper, the programming model, the framework and the security aspects for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are analyzed with respect to the WSN. CoAP chooses the two-layered approach, to deal with interchanging of messages. The IOT involves implementing the programming in the Representational State Transfer (REST) model paradigm, which is predominantly inherited by the CoAP protocol. The CoAP proxy adapts a backend framework in a modular form. Also, the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) overcomes unreliable nature in the CoAP due to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The CoAP protocol is studied from different angle with respect to the prominent aspects for implementation of IOT in a real world.

Domination of Constrained Application Protocol: A Requirement Approach for Optimization of Internet of Things in Wireless Sensor Networks

The protocols related to the Internet of Things (IoT) have proven to undergo changes in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), to increase the compatibility of WSN with the industrial and automation applications. In this paper, the programming model, the framework and the security aspects for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are analyzed with respect to the WSN. CoAP chooses the two-layered approach, to deal with interchanging of messages. The IOT involves implementing the programming in the Representational State Transfer (REST) model paradigm, which is predominantly inherited by the CoAP protocol. The CoAP proxy adapts a backend framework in a modular form. Also, the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) overcomes unreliable nature in the CoAP due to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The CoAP protocol is studied from different angle with respect to the prominent aspects for implementation of IOT in a real world.

Ensuring Interoperability for the Internet of Things: Experience with CoAP Protocol Testing

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol, designed for realizing interoperation with constrained networks and nodes for machine to machine applications like smart energy, building automation, etc. As an important ubiquitous application protocol for the future Internet of Things, CoAP will be potentially implemented by a wide range of smart devices to achieve cooperative services. Therefore, a high level of interoperability of CoAP implementations is crucial. In this context, CoAP Plugtest—the first formal CoAP interoperability testing event was held in Paris, March 2012 to motivate vendors to verify the interoperability of their equipments. The event turned to be successful due to our contribution, including the test method and tool. This paper presents the testing method and procedure for the CoAP Plugtest event. To carry out the tests, a set of test objectives concerning the most important properties of CoAP have been selected and used to measure the interoperability of CoAP implementations. The process of verification has been automated by implementing a test validation tool based on the technique of passive testing. By using the test tool, a number of devices were successfully tested.